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Steel Manufacturing01:26

Steel Manufacturing

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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Production of Single Tracks of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition to Determine the Layer Thickness for Multilayer Deposition
09:12

Production of Single Tracks of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition to Determine the Layer Thickness for Multilayer Deposition

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The Chemistry-Process-Structure Relationships of a Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-1B Alloy Processed with

D Seely1,2, M A Bagheri2,3, D Dickel2

  • 1Haynes International, Kokomo, IN 46904, USA.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study details the chemistry-process-structure-property relationships in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V with titanium-boron alloy additions. Researchers quantified how boron and aluminum content influence microstructure and porosity in laser-engineered net shaping (LENS) components.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingboronlaser-engineered net shaping (LENS)microstructuretitanium alloy

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Production of Single Tracks of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition to Determine the Layer Thickness for Multilayer Deposition
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Ti-6Al-4V is a critical alloy in aerospace and biomedical applications.
  • Laser-Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) enables complex component fabrication but requires precise control over microstructure.
  • Understanding alloy chemistry effects on LENS-processed Ti-6Al-4V is crucial for performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the chemistry-process-structure-property relationships in LENS-processed Ti-6Al-4V with titanium-boron (Ti-B) alloy additions.
  • To characterize the novel
  • Borlite
  • eutectic structure formed during the LENS process.
  • To establish cause-effect relationships between alloy composition, microstructure, and porosity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Laser-Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) with pre-alloyed Ti-B powder additions.
  • Analyzed material gradients formed by in situ melt and prescribed alloy concentrations.
  • Quantified microstructural features, including β-titanium and transformed α-titanium grain sizes.
  • Investigated the impact of boron, aluminum, and vanadium concentrations on microstructure and porosity.

Main Results:

  • Introduced and characterized a new eutectic structure termed
  • Borlite
  • , composed of orthorhombic titanium monoboride (TiB) and titanium.
  • Observed a nonlinear decrease in β-titanium and transformed α-titanium grain sizes with increasing boron content, reaching minimums at 0.25% and 0.6% boron, respectively.
  • Demonstrated a nonlinear increase in α-titanium grain size with rising aluminum (0-6 wt%) and vanadium (0-4 wt%) concentrations.
  • Quantified the relationships leading to porosity formation in the additively manufactured alloy.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex heterogeneous structures formed during LENS processing of Ti-6Al-4V with Ti-B additions.
  • The findings offer critical insights into controlling microstructure and mitigating porosity in additively manufactured titanium alloys.
  • This work facilitates the further development and optimization of advanced metal alloys for demanding applications.