The Application of Robotics in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Robotics is commonly used in the rehabilitation of neuro-musculoskeletal injuries and diseases. While in these conditions, robotics has clear benefits, it is unknown whether robotics will also enhance the outcome of cardiac rehabilitation. This systematic review evaluates the use of robotics in cardiac rehabilitation. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, AMED, SPORTDiscus, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Longitudinal interventional studies were included if they met specified criteria. Two reviewers independently conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening and data extraction. The quality assessment and risk of bias were conducted according to the PEDRO scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2, respectively. Results: Four trials were included in this review out of 60 screened studies. The quality of the included studies was good with a low risk of bias. The trials used different robotic systems: Lokomat^® system, Motomed Letto/Thera Trainer tigo, BEAR, and Myosuit. It was found that interventions that included the use of robotic assistance technologies improved the exercise capacity, VO₂ max/peak, left ventricular ejection fraction, QOL, and physical functioning in people with cardiac diseases. Conclusions: Robotic assistance technologies can be used in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Further studies are needed to confirm the results and determine whether the use of robotics enhances intervention outcomes above standard interventions.