An Innovative Vortex-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Approach Using Deep Eutectic Solvent: Application for the...

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Chemistry

Background:

• Rhodamine B (RhB) is a widely used dye with potential environmental and health concerns.
• Sensitive and accurate methods are needed for RhB detection in various matrices.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a green, sensitive, and efficient method for Rhodamine B determination.
• To investigate the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) for RhB analysis.

Main Methods:

• Developed a DES-VALLME-FLD method using tetrabutylammonium bromide and various alcohols.
• Employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Hansen solubility parameters for mechanistic insights.
• Validated the method for Rhodamine B determination in real samples.

Main Results:

• Achieved high extraction efficiency with selected DES systems.
• Established a linear calibration range of 0.2–10.0 µg L⁻¹ for RhB with R² = 0.9991.
• Obtained a low Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.023 µg L⁻¹ with good accuracy (94.6–103.7% recovery) and precision (2.9–4.1% RSD).

Conclusions:

• The developed green DES-VALLME-FLD method is highly sensitive, accurate, and precise for Rhodamine B determination.
• The method is successfully applied to real samples, demonstrating its practical applicability.
• Computational studies support the experimental findings regarding DES extraction efficiency.