Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases in South America: Thirty Years of Research

Area of Science:

• Plant Pathology
• Entomology
• Microbiology

Background:

• Phytoplasma-associated diseases are globally significant, primarily transmitted by insects.
• Effective disease management relies on accurate detection and understanding geographic distribution.
• South America faces diverse phytoplasma-related plant health challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and summarize the identification and geographic distribution of phytoplasmas in South America.
• To identify insect vectors and plant hosts associated with these phytoplasmas.
• To aid in managing and reducing the spread of phytoplasma diseases in the region.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on phytoplasma identification in South America over recent decades.
• Compilation of data on detected phytoplasma species, their insect vectors, and plant hosts.
• Geographic analysis of phytoplasma distribution in consistent areas.

Main Results:

• A total of 16 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species were identified across South America.
• 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' were most frequently detected.
• Data on insect vectors and a broad range of plant hosts were summarized.

Conclusions:

• This review provides a comprehensive overview of phytoplasma diversity and distribution in South America.
• Understanding these elements is crucial for targeted disease management strategies.
• Continued surveillance and research are necessary to combat phytoplasma-associated diseases effectively.