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Generational Immigration Status Modifies the Association Between Psychosocial Distress and Substance Use Among

Cameron K Ormiston1, James R Pike2, Melanie D Sabado-Liwag3

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Generational immigration status impacts the link between mental health and substance use (SU) in alternative high school (AHS) students. First- and second-generation students showed a stronger association between mental health and SU compared to third-generation students.

Keywords:
Alternative high schoolGenerational statusImmigrantMental healthSubstance use

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Area of Science:

  • Adolescent Health
  • Mental Health Research
  • Sociology of Education

Background:

  • Alternative high schools (AHS) serve students needing individualized education and flexible schedules.
  • AHS students exhibit higher substance use (SU) and trauma levels than traditional school peers.
  • Generational immigration (GenIm) status may influence AHS student mental health and SU dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if GenIm status modifies the association between mental health and SU in AHS students.
  • To analyze longitudinal data from 1,060 Southern California AHS students over 3 years.
  • To understand disparities in SU and mental health outcomes among diverse AHS student populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Depression Anxiety Stress Scale subscales to assess mental health.
  • Defined GenIm status: first (foreign-born), second (US-born, foreign-born parent), and third (US-born, US-born parent).
  • Employed multilevel, negative binomial, latent growth curve models to analyze time-varying associations and effect modification by GenIm status.

Main Results:

  • The association between mental health (depression, anxiety, stress) and SU was significantly stronger in first- and second-generation students compared to third-generation students.
  • Increased stress levels correlated with higher rates of e-cigarette use across all GenIm groups, with notable differences in effect sizes.
  • Specific incidence rate ratios (IRRs) indicated heightened risks for substance use linked to stress among first- and second-generation students.

Conclusions:

  • Mental health challenges are more closely linked to substance use among first- and second-generation AHS students.
  • Tailored interventions are crucial for subgroups of AHS students to address mental health and SU disparities.
  • Addressing systemic inequities between alternative and traditional schools is vital for improving long-term SU trajectories.