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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Malpighian tubules are specialized structures found in the digestive systems of many arthropods, including most insects, that handle excretion and osmoregulation. The tubules are typically arranged in pairs and have a convoluted structure that increases their surface area.
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Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. Osmoregulation is the process that balances solute and water levels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Extracellular Multi-Unit Recording from the Olfactory Nerve of Teleosts
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Odorant transport in a hagfish.

Todor G Cross1, Olivia C Mayo1, Graham S Martin2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
|July 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hagfish nasal anatomy efficiently captures odorant molecules using a unique flow system. Computational simulations reveal specialized channels and flow dispersion for optimal olfactory sensing.

Keywords:
HagfishLampreyMicrofluidic devicesNavigationStereo olfaction

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Area of Science:

  • * Comparative anatomy
  • * Olfactory system biology
  • * Fluid dynamics in biological systems

Background:

  • * Odorant transport is crucial for animal behavior and ecological interactions.
  • * Understanding olfactory mechanisms in primitive vertebrates like hagfish provides insights into sensory evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate odorant transport dynamics within the hagfish nasal passage.
  • * To elucidate the role of nasal anatomy in olfactory molecule capture.

Main Methods:

  • * Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
  • * Utilized an anatomically accurate model of the hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) nasal cavity.

Main Results:

  • * Odorant flow enters via a single nostril in two laminar streams, split by the central olfactory lamella.
  • * Specialized lamellar appendages and peripheral channels direct flow, with 10-14% reaching sensory channels.
  • * Jet-impingement and high surface area:volume ratio enhance odorant diffusion and residence time (up to 4.5s).

Conclusions:

  • * Hagfish possess a sophisticated nasal anatomy for efficient odorant localization and capture.
  • * Flow dynamics and anatomical structures optimize odorant molecule delivery to sensory surfaces.
  • * Odorant flux decreases caudally, suggesting anterior olfactory neuron concentration.