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Updated: May 2, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
[Frontotemporal volumetry to rejuvenate and re-feminize the face]
1Hôpital Américain de Paris, 33, rue du Champ de mars, 75007 Paris, France; Hôpital Américain de Paris, 63, boulevard Victor-Hugo, 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France.
Abstract:
The author became interested in facial volume in the 1990s, during the period when he oversaw the feminization of the facial skeleton to improve the social integration of male transsexual patients. At that time, it was skeletal surgery. Very quickly, these techniques were extended to genetic women who wanted a more feminine face. The study of facial aging allowed the author to define criteria for frontotemporal aging, particularly an evolution with age towards a frontotemporal masculinization. The volumetric frontotemporal correction has thus become an essential element of facial rejuvenation. The evolution then, naturally took place towards the concept of frontotemporal beauty.
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