Norms prioritizing positive assessments are likely to maintain cooperation in private indirect reciprocity

Exploring the evolutionary mechanisms of cooperation in societies where reputational consensus cannot be assumed, as in divided societies, is important for understanding the basic principles of human behavior in modern societies. Indirect reciprocity provides a major explanatory mechanism, but most studies have focused on how donors, i.e., one who decides whether to donate (cooperate or help) to a recipient or do nothing, are assessed. It is natural to think that there is no consensus among assessors in our society, and there is no reason to update only donor assessments when updating assessments. We constructed an agent-based model that enables updating of both donors' and recipients' images. Our exhaustive simulations showed that the well analyzed assessment rules updating donors' images are only second best to an assessment rule updating bad images in most likely for maintaining cooperative regimes. Such a social norm that prioritizes a positive assessment is considered tolerant, which is also consistent with previous studies arguing that tolerant evaluation is important in private-assessment schemes.