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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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X-ray diffraction of metastable structures from supercooled liquid hydrogen.

Luke B Fletcher1, Abraham L Levitan2,3, Emma E McBride2,4

  • 1SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. lbfletch@slac.stanford.edu.

Scientific Reports
|July 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed hydrogen crystallization using X-ray diffraction. This study determined the lowest energy crystal structures and growth kinetics during supercooling of liquid hydrogen.

Keywords:
Hydrogen crystallizationStacking faultsSupercoolX-ray diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Supercooling liquid hydrogen presents challenges in understanding its phase transitions.
  • Metastable states of hydrogen require detailed structural analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the crystallization process of supercooled liquid hydrogen.
  • To determine the structural properties and growth kinetics during phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved X-ray diffraction at 11.2 keV was employed.
  • Measurements were conducted using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).
  • Dynamic changes in liquid and solid structure factors were measured.

Main Results:

  • Direct determination of the lowest energy crystal polymorphs of hydrogen.
  • Measurement of stacking probabilities, liquid, and solid densities and temperatures.
  • Experimental evidence for Arrhenius-like growth kinetics along the stacking direction was found.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides unprecedented insight into the crystallization of supercooled hydrogen.
  • Understanding these kinetics is crucial for high-pressure physics and planetary science applications.
  • This work validates theoretical models of hydrogen's phase behavior.