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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation
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Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Nitin Jain1, William G Wierda1, Susan O'Brien2

  • 1Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|July 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeted therapies have surpassed chemoimmunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment, offering improved survival. New agents like BTK and BCL2 inhibitors are now standard for initial and relapsed CLL care.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment has evolved significantly.
  • Chemoimmunotherapy is being replaced by targeted therapies due to improved outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in CLL disease biology and targeted therapies.
  • To discuss the current role of targeted agents in first-line and relapsed CLL treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized clinical trials and ongoing phase 3 trials.
  • Analysis of established and emerging therapeutic strategies for CLL.

Main Results:

  • Targeted therapies, including Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, and CD20 monoclonal antibodies, demonstrate superior progression-free and overall survival compared to chemoimmunotherapy.
  • These targeted agents are now standard for both first-line and relapsed/refractory CLL.

Conclusions:

  • The treatment landscape for CLL has shifted towards targeted therapies.
  • Ongoing trials investigating novel combinations and agents like non-covalent BTK inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapy may further refine CLL management.