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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Teeth01:15

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective.

Rayana Duarte Khoury1, Lara Steffany de Carvalho2, Mauro Felipe Rios do Nascimento3

  • 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review compares endodontic irrigants like sodium hypochlorite, herbal extracts, chlorhexidine, and chelating agents for root canal cleaning. Understanding their properties ensures safe and effective dental procedures.

Keywords:
Chelating agentsChlorhexidinePlant extractsRoot canal irrigantsSodium hypochlorite

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • Modern endodontic therapy relies heavily on effective root canal cleaning and shaping.
  • Irrigation is crucial for microbial control and debris removal within the root canal system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare commonly used endodontic irrigants.
  • To highlight the properties, applications, and limitations of various irrigating solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of endodontic irrigants.
  • Analysis of properties, efficacy, and cytotoxicity of sodium hypochlorite, herbal extracts, chlorhexidine, and chelating agents.

Main Results:

  • Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is effective but cytotoxic.
  • Herbal extracts offer potential dentin preservation.
  • Chlorhexidine (CHX) provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
  • Chelating agents (EDTA, citric acid) are vital for smear layer removal.

Conclusions:

  • Careful selection and application of irrigants are essential for successful endodontic treatment.
  • Clinicians should consider irrigant properties for optimal patient outcomes.