Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

37.0K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
37.0K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

25.3K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
25.3K
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

21.3K
In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
21.3K
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

64.6K
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
64.6K
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

15.6K
For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
15.6K
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

446
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
446

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Photosensitizing Au(I) Catalysis With Coumarins.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Water-Soluble Iron Porphyrins as Catalysts for Suppressing Chlorinated Disinfection Byproducts in Hypochlorite-Dependent Water Remediation.

ChemSusChem·2024
Same author

A Generally Applicable Method for Disentangling the Effect of Individual Noncovalent Interactions on the Binding Energy.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2024
Same author

Discussing the Terms Biomimetic and Bioinspired within Bioinorganic Chemistry.

Inorganic chemistry·2024
Same author

Valence Tautomerism Induced Proton Coupled Electron Transfer:X-H Bond Oxidation with a Dinuclear Au(II) Hydroxide Complex.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2024
Same author

NMR and Mössbauer Studies Reveal a Temperature-Dependent Switch from <i>S</i> = 1 to 2 in a Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complex with Faster C-H Bond Cleavage Rates.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2024
Same journal

From Fundamental Photophysics to Photocatalysis: Energy Gap Law Analysis of Anion Radical Excited States.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Mechanical Taming of Hardy-Cope Rearrangements.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Validation of <i>De Novo</i> Designs of Solid-Binding Peptides.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

These Graphene Experts Are Trying to Close the Reproducibility Gap in Two-Dimensional Materials Research.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

How to Make a Creamy, Tasty Vegan Camembert.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Versatile Pyridinium Trifluoroborate Platform for Facile Preparation of <sup>18</sup>F‑Labeled PET Tracers in Water.

ACS central science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation
07:44

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

Published on: March 15, 2017

15.7K

Oxidation States: Intrinsically Ambiguous?

Isaac F Leach1,2, Johannes E M N Klein1

  • 1Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.

ACS Central Science
|July 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Intrinsic Oxidation State (IOS) method offers a new computational approach to determine oxidation states in transition metal complexes. This method aligns with experimental data and provides insights into bonding, even in complex cases.

More Related Videos

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
11:04

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Published on: September 7, 2019

9.2K
Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation
07:44

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

Published on: March 15, 2017

15.7K
Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
11:04

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Published on: September 7, 2019

9.2K
Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • The oxidation state formalism is widely used but has limitations.
  • Interpreting oxidation states computationally for transition metal (TM) complexes requires careful consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a broadly applicable and user-friendly computational procedure for deriving oxidation states.
  • To introduce the Intrinsic Oxidation State (IOS) method based on localized orbitals.
  • To analyze bonding in TM complexes, particularly cobalt complexes, using the IOS framework.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing quantum chemical calculations.
  • Employing localized orbitals to define the Intrinsic Oxidation State (IOS).
  • Applying the IOS method to a cobalt complex studied by Hunter et al.

Main Results:

  • The calculated IOS for the cobalt complex matched the formal oxidation state, consistent with experimental findings.
  • Analysis revealed an "inverted" ligand field in the Co(III) complex, despite classically dative bonds.
  • A more restrictive definition of (locally) inverted bonding is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The IOS method provides a reliable computational tool for determining oxidation states in TM complexes.
  • The study highlights complex bonding scenarios in high-valent TM complexes.
  • New bonding descriptors (σ-gain and π-loss) within the Intrinsic Bonding Orbital (IBO) framework facilitate covalency quantification.