China's groundwater situation in 2011-2020: Dynamic evolution, Influencing Factors, and sustainable development

Groundwater plays important roles in resource security and ecological maintenance and is sensitive to changes in the natural environment and human activities. It is of paramount importance to investigate the dynamic evolution trend of groundwater and its affecting factors and sustainable development. This paper takes mainland China as the study area, using data sourced from the Groundwater Dynamic Monthly Report, the China Water Resources Bulletin, and the Provincial Water Resources Bulletin. The temporal and space-time evolution trend of groundwater depth in 2011-2020 is determined, along with the correlation between variations in groundwater resources and precipitation, the factors affecting these changes, and the sustainability of groundwater use. The results are as follows: (1) The northern and western regions of mainland China had a greater depth of groundwater compared to the southern and eastern regions. The largest groundwater depth is in the Northwest Rivers Basin (Nw RB), which can reach 17.61-21.10 m, and the shallowest groundwater depth is in the Southeast Rivers Basin (Se RB), only 1.61-5.19 m. (2) Regarding the factors affecting the changes in groundwater resources, precipitation, land use pattern, human activities, and industrial and agricultural water use are highlighted. (3) Overall, the percentage of groundwater in the total water supply has declined. The optimization of groundwater resource allocation and the adjustment of industrial structure have resulted in the coordinated utilization of groundwater resources. The research establishes a scientific foundation for ensuring national water security and promoting sustainable economic and social development.