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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children...
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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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How Do Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence Cardiometabolic Risk Factors? Findings from the Isfahan Twins

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Summary

Genetic and environmental factors influence human traits differently across life stages. While obesity traits show high heritability in childhood, this genetic influence diminishes in adulthood, highlighting developmental changes in trait determination.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Human genetics
  • Developmental biology
  • Twin studies

Background:

  • Disease-discordant twins offer a powerful model for matched case-control studies, effectively controlling for confounding variables like genetics and environment.
  • Understanding the interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human development is crucial for public health and personalized medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the heritability and environmental influences on various anthropometric and metabolic traits across different developmental stages (childhood, adolescence, adulthood) using a twin registry.
  • To assess the role of genetic versus shared environmental factors in shaping physical and biochemical characteristics throughout the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study design was employed, analyzing data from 710 twin pairs (monozygotic and dizygotic) from the Isfahan Twin Registry.
  • Standard medical history, physical examinations, and fasting blood samples were collected to measure fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles.
  • The heritability of traits was assessed using the ACE model, a structural equation model, to differentiate genetic and environmental contributions.

Main Results:

  • In early childhood, shared environmental factors significantly influenced height (76%), weight (75%), and body mass index (BMI) (73%).
  • Heritability estimates increased with age, with traits like waist circumference (WC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol showing high heritability in late childhood and adolescence.
  • In adulthood, traits such as arm circumference (97%), weight (86%), BMI (82%), and neck circumference (81%) exhibited high heritability, indicating strong genetic influence.

Conclusions:

  • Both genetic predisposition and environmental exposures significantly shape human traits throughout development.
  • The relative contribution of genetic versus environmental factors to specific traits, such as obesity, changes dynamically from childhood to adulthood.
  • Findings underscore the complex, age-dependent interplay of nature and nurture in determining individual characteristics.