The Buerger's rabbit model: a closer step to unravelling thromboangiitis obliterans?

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) remains clinical challenging due to its rarity and underwhelming management outcomes. This study aimed to describe a novel TAO rabbit model that demonstrates a closer resemblance to TAO.

Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits underwent the surgical implantation of calibrated gelatin sponge particles (CGSPs) into their right femoral artery. The CGSPs were soaked in different solutions to simulate different types of thrombi: normal (NT; normal saline); inflammatory TAO thrombus (TAO; dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO]), and DMSO with methotrexate (MTX). All groups underwent clinical assessment, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and histopathological analysis at time points day 0 (immediate), week 1 (acute), week 2 (subacute), and week 4 (chronic).

The TAO rabbit presented with signs of ischemia of the right digit at week 4. On DSA, the TAO rabbits exhibited formation of corkscrew collaterals starting week 1. On H&E staining, gradual CGSP degradation was observed along with increased red blood cell aggregation and inflammatory cells migration in week 1. On week 2, disorganization of the tunica media layer and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation was observed. In the TAO rabbit, migrated VSMCs, inflammatory cells, and extracellular matrix with collagen-like substances gradually occluded the lumen. On week 4, the arterial lumen of the TAO rabbit was filled with relatively-organized VSMC and endothelial cell clusters with less inflammatory cells. Neorevascularization was found in the MTX-treated group.

The novel TAO rabbit model shows a closer resemblance to human TAO clinically, radiographically, and histopathologically. Histological analysis of the IT progression in the TAO model suggests that it is of VSMC origin.