[The dilemma and comprehensive assessment for a precise diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease]

The clinical and neuroimaging findings of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are significantly heterogeneous. There are uncertaintie in the current widely available clinical and imaging diagnosis of AD. In the era of amyloid-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy, accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is urgently needed. Positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination can effectively reflect the β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles pathology in AD, thus effectively improving the accuracy of AD diagnosis. Understanding the value of various CSF and PET biomarkers in diagnosing/staging AD is a prerequisite for clinical application of biomarkers. The selection and interpretation of biomarkers should fully consider the clinical features and structural imaging of dementia patients, while paying attention to the degree of concordance between the clinical stages and the biological stages reflected by the biomarkers. Thus, biomarkers are expected to play more additional value in AD diagnosis and treatment.