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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:28

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow...
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

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Mitral Annular Disjunction: Pathophysiology, Pro-Arrhythmic Profile and Repair Pearls.

Dimos Karangelis1, Konstantinos S Mylonas2, Argyris Krommydas3

  • 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
|July 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a heart abnormality linked to sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this condition and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
lethal arrhythmiasmitral disjunctionmitral regurgitationmitral surgerymitral valve prolapsemitral valve repairventricular arrhythmias

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a structural cardiac abnormality characterized by separation of the mitral valve annulus from the left ventricle.
  • This condition is frequently associated with myxomatous mitral valve prolapse.
  • MAD is a significant risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical and pathophysiological characteristics of Mitral annular disjunction (MAD).
  • To discuss the association between MAD and ventricular arrhythmias.
  • To highlight the importance of diagnosing MAD for optimal mitral valve repair and risk reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Mitral annular disjunction (MAD).
  • Analysis of anatomical and pathophysiological features.
  • Discussion of diagnostic imaging modalities and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a distinct structural abnormality with significant clinical implications.
  • MAD is strongly linked to serious ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
  • Current clinical knowledge on MAD remains limited, necessitating further awareness and research.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is essential in clinical practice.
  • Improved understanding and diagnosis of MAD can lead to better mitral valve repair outcomes.
  • Addressing MAD is critical for mitigating the risk of sudden cardiac death in affected patients.