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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

High-Density Lipoprotein and Heart Failure.

Liyun Xing¹, Yixuan Liu², Jiayu Wang¹

¹Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033 Jinan, Shandong, China.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

|July 30, 2024

Summary

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) shows protective effects against heart failure (HF), potentially through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Key components like apolipoprotein A-I and paraoxonase-1 may slow HF progression.

Keywords:

apolipoprotein heart failure high-density lipoprotein high-density lipoprotein cholesterol inflammation

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

Published on: January 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Biochemistry

Background:

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is recognized for its protective role in atherosclerosis.
The specific impact and mechanisms of HDL in heart failure (HF) remain less understood and debated.
HDL's cardioprotective functions may involve antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and endothelial protective properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of HDL in the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure.
To summarize the potential mechanisms by which HDL influences heart failure.
To discuss the relationship between HDL and factors like C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and monocytes in heart failure.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological studies linking HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels to heart failure.
Analysis of the roles of key HDL components, including apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1).
Discussion of potential interactions between HDL and inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) and other lipids (e.g., triglycerides) in HF.

Main Results:

Epidemiological data suggest a negative association between HDL-C levels and heart failure.
Apolipoprotein A-I and paraoxonase-1 are identified as crucial mediators of HDL's protective functions in HF.
HDL may influence heart failure progression through its effects on inflammation, apoptosis, and endothelial function.

Conclusions:

HDL plays a significant role in the pathogenesis, progression, and potentially the treatment of heart failure.
Further research into HDL's mechanisms in heart failure is warranted.
Targeting HDL components like ApoA-I or PON-1 could offer therapeutic strategies for heart failure.