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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Degenerative Mitral Stenosis-Diagnostic Challenges and Future Directions.

Abdulaziz Joury^1,2, Christopher Puleo^1,3, Anjani Golive^1,3

¹Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

|July 30, 2024

Summary

Assessing degenerative mitral stenosis severity is challenging due to variable patient factors. New indices and stress testing may improve diagnostic accuracy for this complex heart condition.

Keywords:

degenerative mitral stenosis echocardiography rheumatic mitral stenosis

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A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Published on: October 16, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Echocardiography
Valvular Heart Disease

Background:

Degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) severity assessment is complex.
Standard echocardiographic methods (valve area, gradients) can be unreliable due to variable patient hemodynamics (e.g., chronic kidney disease, elderly women) and anatomical challenges (basal calcium shadowing).
Existing indices like mitral valve annulus (MVA) by continuity equation (CEQ) can be inaccurate with significant left-sided regurgitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore challenges in determining degenerative mitral stenosis severity.
To introduce and discuss the potential of a new dimensionless mitral stenosis index (DMSI).
To highlight the role of exercise stress testing and combined echocardiographic parameters in managing DMS.

Main Methods:

Review of limitations in current echocardiographic assessments for DMS.
Introduction of the dimensionless mitral stenosis index (DMSI) as a potential tool.
Discussion of exercise stress testing for symptomatic patients with disproportionate findings.
Identification of mortality predictors (mean trans-mitral gradients, pulmonary artery pressure) in specific patient subgroups.

Main Results:

Neither high trans-mitral gradient nor small valve area is solely diagnostic for DMS.
DMSI shows promise as an easy echocardiographic tool but requires further validation and is limited by significant regurgitation.
Mean trans-mitral gradients > 8 mmHg and pulmonary artery pressure > 50 mmHg predict mortality in patients with MVA < 1.5 cm² by CEQ.
Exercise stress testing can reveal physiologic effects of stenosis when symptoms are disproportionate.

Conclusions:

Accurate DMS severity assessment requires consideration of multiple factors beyond simple measurements.
The proposed DMSI and exercise stress testing warrant further investigation.
Combined evaluation of MVA, mean trans-mitral gradient, and left ventricle stroke volume is recommended for future studies.