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Related Concept Videos

Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
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Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

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Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

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Comorbidity and sex differences in functional disorders and internalizing disorders.

Nathaniel S Thomas1, Nathan A Gillespie1, Kenneth S Kendler1

  • 1Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.

General Hospital Psychiatry
|July 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Fibromyalgia (FM), ME/CFS, and IBS are highly comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with stronger associations observed in men. Individuals with multiple diagnoses were more common than expected.

Keywords:
ComorbidityDiagnosisFunctional disordersInternalizing disordersLifelines

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Rheumatology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Fibromyalgia (FM), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are functional disorders (FDs).
  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are common psychiatric conditions (IDs).
  • Understanding the comorbidity between FDs and IDs is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate comorbidity rates between FDs (FM, ME/CFS, IBS) and IDs (MDD, GAD).
  • To investigate potential sex differences in these comorbidity patterns.
  • To determine if combinations of these disorders occur more frequently than by chance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 107,849 participants in the prospective Lifelines Cohort Study.
  • Assessment of current IDs using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
  • Assessment of current FM, ME/CFS, and IBS using established diagnostic criteria (ACR, CDC, ROME IV).

Main Results:

  • High comorbidity rates were found between FDs and IDs, with odds ratios ranging from 3.2 to 12.6.
  • Comorbidity associations were stronger among men compared to women.
  • Participants with three or more disorders were more prevalent than statistically expected.

Conclusions:

  • FDs and IDs exhibit significant comorbidity, suggesting shared underlying mechanisms.
  • Further research into sex differences and specific FD-ID combinations is needed to understand the etiology of these conditions.
  • These findings highlight the interconnectedness of functional disorders and psychiatric conditions.