Mapping tidal restrictions to support blue carbon restoration

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), encompassing mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses, are vital ecosystems that deliver valuable services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity support, and coastal protection. However, these ecosystems are threatened by various anthropogenic factors, including tidal restrictions like levees, barriers, and embankments. These structures alter the natural seawater flow, often converting coastal ecosystems into freshwater environments. Identifying tidal restrictions and assessing their suitability for tidal restoration in areas amenable for coastal management is a crucial first step to successfully restore BCEs and the associated ecosystem services they provide, i.e., managed realignment. This study presents a novel approach for detecting tidal restrictions in the state of Victoria, Australia, using high-resolution LiDAR data, geospatial analysis techniques, and a multi-criteria scoring system. Our model successfully identified 90 % of known tidal restrictions from an existing dataset, while also detecting an additional 118 potential tidal restrictions, representing a 35 % increase. The model performance analysis revealed trade-offs between precision, recall, and noise ratio when using different noise reduction thresholds, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate threshold based on project objectives. The multi-criteria scoring system, which considered factors such as proximity to BCEs and current land use, enabled the selection of tidal restrictions based on their hydrological suitability for restoration. The results of this study have significant implications for BCE restoration efforts not only in Victoria, but more broadly across Australia and globally, providing a systematic approach to identifying and targeting areas with the greatest potential for successful restoration projects. While the approach is low-cost and user-friendly, it is dependent on the availability of LiDAR data for the study area. This can make it accessible to researchers and practitioners worldwide, allowing for its adaptation and application in diverse regions to support global efforts in restoring BCEs through tidal restoration.