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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Clinical application potential of large language model: a study based on thyroid nodules.

Shujun Xia^1,2, Qing Hua¹, Zihan Mei¹

¹Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

|July 30, 2024

Summary

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT-3.5 and New Bing Chat show potential in thyroid nodule diagnosis but do not match doctor accuracy. Further development is needed for clinical decision-making capabilities.

Keywords:

Artificial intelligence ChatGPT LLM New Bing Chat

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Area of Science:

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Medical Informatics
Natural Language Processing

Background:

Limited data exists on large language models (LLMs) functioning as medical doctors.
Investigated the performance of ChatGPT-3.5 and New Bing Chat in a clinical context.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT-3.5 and New Bing Chat responses.
To compare LLM performance against junior and senior doctors using thyroid nodules as a model.

Main Methods:

145 thyroid nodule patients' questions were used to query ChatGPT-3.5 and New Bing Chat five times each.
LLM responses were compared to answers from five junior doctors and five senior doctors (gold standard).
Evaluated accuracy and reproducibility of LLM-generated answers.

Main Results:

ChatGPT-3.5 and New Bing Chat had lower accuracy than junior doctors for specific questions (Q2, Q3, Q5).
Both LLMs showed comparable performance to junior doctors for other questions (Q4, Q6).
New Bing Chat (72.41%) demonstrated higher accuracy than ChatGPT-3.5 (58.62%) in decision-making, but both lagged behind junior doctors (89.66%).

Conclusions:

LLMs show promise for medical applications in thyroid nodule diagnosis and management.
Current LLMs do not possess the clinical decision-making capacity of human doctors.
Further research and development are necessary to bridge the gap between LLM capabilities and clinical practice.