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Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

332
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
332
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System I: Subjective Data01:17

Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System I: Subjective Data

162
Assessing the gastrointestinal (GI) system is a complex process that begins with collecting subjective data. This data, collected through patient interviews, provides crucial insights into the patient's health history, perception patterns, and lifestyle habits, all contributing significantly to GI health.
Health History
The initial step in assessing the GI system is obtaining a comprehensive health history. This includes inquiring about the patient's history or presence of problems...
162
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System II: Health Perception Pattern01:29

Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System II: Health Perception Pattern

87
Assessing the gastrointestinal (GI) system is a complex process that begins with collecting subjective data. This data, collected through patient interviews, provides crucial insights into the patient's health history, perception patterns, and lifestyle habits, all contributing significantly to GI health.
Health Perception Patterns
Health perception patterns offer valuable insights into a patient's lifestyle habits and how they may impact their GI health. These patterns include:
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Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

47
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
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The Brief Symptom Inventory-9 (BSI-9): Development and validation in a German general population sample.

C MacDonald1, K Brophy1, A Coroiu2

  • 1McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

BMC Psychology
|July 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nine-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-9) is a validated and reliable screening tool for psychological distress in the general population. This short questionnaire effectively measures somatisation, anxiety, and depression.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological assessment
  • Psychometrics
  • Mental health screening

Background:

  • The Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) is an established self-report measure for psychological distress.
  • A need exists for briefer screening tools for distress, encompassing somatisation, anxiety, and depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a shorter, nine-item version (BSI-9) of the BSI-18.
  • To establish the BSI-9 as a brief screening tool for distress in the general population.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on a representative German general population sample.
  • Reliability and validity analyses were conducted to evaluate the BSI-9's psychometric properties.

Main Results:

  • Confirmatory factor analysis supported a robust three-dimensional structure for the BSI-9.
  • The BSI-9 demonstrated strong internal consistency for the global severity index (α=0.87) and acceptable consistency for its subscales.
  • The BSI-9 subscales showed significant correlations with established measures like the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.

Conclusions:

  • The BSI-9 is a short, valid, and reliable instrument for screening psychological distress.
  • Further research is recommended to explore the BSI-9's utility in clinical settings and diverse cultural contexts.