Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

271
Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
271
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

34.1K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
34.1K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.4K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.4K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

6.5K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.5K
Infection01:20

Infection

7.8K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
7.8K
Genetic Lingo01:11

Genetic Lingo

102.4K
Overview
102.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polar growth factor PgfA regulates polar peptidoglycan synthesis as well as mycolate synthesis in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

An activator of a two-component system controls cell separation and intrinsic drug resistance in <i><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i></i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

An activator of a two-component system controls cell separation and intrinsic drug resistance in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Evolutionarily divergent Mycobacterium tuberculosis CTP synthase filaments are under selective pressure.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

The Chlamydia effector Dre1 binds dynactin to reposition host organelles during infection.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

The Chlamydia effector IncE employs two short linear motifs to reprogram host vesicle trafficking.

Cell reports·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Time-Lapse Epifluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Heterogeneous Phenotypes
07:44

Time-Lapse Epifluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Heterogeneous Phenotypes

Published on: February 14, 2025

799

Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Pathogens.

Jessica Sherry1, E Hesper Rego1

  • 1Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; email: jessica.sherry@yale.edu, hesper.rego@yale.edu.

Annual Review of Genetics
|July 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogen populations use phenotypic heterogeneity, not just genetic diversity, to adapt within hosts. This adaptability enhances survival and influences infection outcomes in bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus.

Keywords:
bacterial pathogenshost–pathogen interactionsphenotypic heterogeneitysingle-cell techniques

More Related Videos

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

11.2K
A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
07:10

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Published on: February 19, 2019

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Time-Lapse Epifluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Heterogeneous Phenotypes
07:44

Time-Lapse Epifluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Heterogeneous Phenotypes

Published on: February 14, 2025

799
A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

11.2K
A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
07:10

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Published on: February 19, 2019

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Traditionally, pathogen diversity was studied via genetic heterogeneity.
  • Genetic diversity aids in treatment escape and disease progression.
  • Emerging research reveals phenotypic heterogeneity in genetically identical pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of phenotypic heterogeneity establishment in bacterial pathogens.
  • To explore the link between phenotypic heterogeneity and infection outcomes.
  • To highlight key bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial pathogens.
  • Analysis of studies on the establishment and maintenance of phenotypic variation.
  • Examination of research linking heterogeneity to infection progression and host interaction.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic heterogeneity arises within genetically identical pathogen populations.
  • This heterogeneity allows pathogens to better adapt to host environments.
  • Specific mechanisms for establishing and maintaining phenotypic variation are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic heterogeneity is a crucial factor in bacterial pathogen survival and virulence.
  • Understanding phenotypic diversity offers new insights into infectious disease dynamics.
  • Targeting phenotypic heterogeneity could be a novel therapeutic strategy.