Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

51
Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin...
51
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

545
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...
545
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

4.9K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
4.9K
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

13.3K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
13.3K
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

47
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
47
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

82
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
82

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polygenic Risk for Insomnia in Relation to Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Characteristics in Youth with Mood Disorders.

Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Distribution of Cytochrome P450 Metabolizer Status and Allelic Variants in Individuals with Mental Health Disorders in Ontario, Canada: Répartition du statut métabolique du cytochrome P450 et des variantes alléliques chez les personnes atteintes de problèmes de santé mentale en Ontario, au Canada.

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie·2026
Same author

Genetics of tardive dyskinesia: a review of progress over the past decade.

Pharmacogenomics·2026
Same author

Autism spectrum disorder trios from consanguineous populations are enriched for rare homozygous variants, identifying 32 new candidate genes.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Tractor workflow: a scalable Nextflow framework for local ancestry-aware genome-wide association studies.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Higher polygenic risk for cardiovascular disease is associated with lower cerebral blood flow in youth with bipolar disorder.

Neurobiology of disease·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

11.8K

Analysis of the complement component C4 gene with schizophrenia subphenotypes.

Cheng C Chen1, Joshua Howie2, Mahbod Ebrahimi1

  • 1Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Schizophrenia Research
|July 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Complement component C4 (C4) gene variants are linked to schizophrenia (SCZ) clinical traits. Sex-specific differences in these associations were observed, suggesting C4

Keywords:
C4Complement component 4GAFSchizophreniaSymptom severity

More Related Videos

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
08:04

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 19, 2020

6.4K
A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
05:51

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

Published on: June 15, 2011

25.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
07:26

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Published on: July 18, 2017

11.8K
Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
08:04

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 19, 2020

6.4K
A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
05:51

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

Published on: June 15, 2011

25.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Psychiatric Genetics
  • Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

  • The complement component C4 (C4) gene is a significant risk marker for schizophrenia (SCZ).
  • C4 exhibits complex genetic structures and variable forms (C4A, C4B, C4L, C4S), influencing brain C4A/C4B protein expression.
  • Previous research linked C4AL to elevated brain C4A expression and observed sex differences in C4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between C4 gene variants and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia (SCZ).
  • To explore the influence of sex on the association between C4 and SCZ.
  • To examine age of onset, symptom severity, and global functioning (GAF) in relation to C4 variants.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 613 patients diagnosed with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ-AFF).
  • Analyzed C4 gene variants and their correlation with clinical SCZ features.
  • Included 434 patients in final genetic quality-controlled analyses, assessing sex-specific effects.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant associations between C4 gene variants and SCZ clinical characteristics (age of onset, symptom severity, GAF).
  • Found distinct differences in these associations when analyzing males and females separately.
  • Highlighted the role of sex in modulating the relationship between C4 and SCZ phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary findings support further investigation of C4 in SCZ-related phenotypes, including treatment response and side effects.
  • Larger sample sizes are required to extend and validate these sex-specific findings.
  • C4 gene variants represent a potential factor influencing SCZ clinical presentation and outcomes.