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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide CGRP in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide CGRP in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Hypercalcemia Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation.

Yasaman Motlaghzadeh1, John P Bilezikian2, Deborah E Sellmeyer1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|July 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hypercalcemia in pregnancy poses risks to mothers and babies. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the main cause, with surgery being the preferred treatment due to limited medical options.

Keywords:
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin DCalcitriolHypercalcemiaHyperparathyroidismLactationMilk alkaliPTHrPPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia during pregnancy presents significant risks for both maternal and fetal health.
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most frequent cause of hypercalcemia in pregnant individuals.
  • Other less common etiologies of hypercalcemia in pregnancy and lactation exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risks and etiologies of hypercalcemia in pregnancy.
  • To discuss the management of primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy.
  • To highlight the limitations of medical management for hypercalcemia in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hypercalcemia in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of primary hyperparathyroidism as an etiology.
  • Discussion of treatment options, including parathyroidectomy and medical management.

Main Results:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is the leading cause of pregnancy-related hypercalcemia.
  • Parathyroidectomy is established as the primary treatment modality.
  • Effective medical management strategies for hypercalcemia during pregnancy are scarce.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and management of hypercalcemia are crucial in pregnancy.
  • Surgical intervention (parathyroidectomy) remains the gold standard for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Further research into safe and effective medical therapies is warranted.