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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Mitochondria01:37

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development
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Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development

Published on: June 21, 2014

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Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development.

Marlene Oefele1, Michaela Hau1,2, Suvi Ruuskanen3

  • 1Evolutionary Physiology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.

Royal Society Open Science
|August 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (TH) can boost mitochondrial energy production in developing birds, even in challenging environments. This study shows TH enhances maximal mitochondrial capacity without impacting growth.

Keywords:
cellular respirationgrowthmetabolismmitochondriathyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • * Physiological Ecology
  • * Developmental Biology
  • * Mitochondrial Metabolism

Background:

  • * Organismal response to environment relies on energy from aerobic mitochondrial metabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
  • * Environmental factors influencing energy metabolism and mitochondrial function are poorly understood, with recent studies suggesting a role for thyroid hormones (TH).
  • * Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical regulators of growth and metabolism, adaptable to environmental conditions like temperature and food availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the causal link between enhanced thyroid hormones (TH) and mitochondrial function during development.
  • * To determine the effect of TH on growth and mitochondrial ATP production in a challenging environment.
  • * To explore the implications of TH-mediated mitochondrial regulation for fitness-related traits.

Main Methods:

  • * Oral administration of physiological concentrations of TH to zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) nestlings during their main growth phase.
  • * Rearing nestlings in a challenging environmental setting to simulate real-world conditions.
  • * Measurement of maximal mitochondrial working capacity as an indicator of ATP production.

Main Results:

  • * TH treatment significantly accelerated maximal mitochondrial working capacity in nestling zebra finches.
  • * Mitochondrial ATP production capacity was enhanced by TH treatment.
  • * No significant effect of TH treatment on overall growth was observed.

Conclusions:

  • * Thyroid hormones (TH) play a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function during development.
  • * Enhanced TH levels can increase mitochondrial energy production capacity without compromising growth.
  • * This study provides the first characterization of TH regulation of mitochondria during development in a semi-naturalistic context, with implications for fitness traits.