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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

404
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
404
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

920
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
323
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

730
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
730
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

510
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
510

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Autoimmune Movement Disorders.

Bettina Balint

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders involve various antibodies and symptoms. Early recognition of red flags and panel testing aid in diagnosing these treatable conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Immunology
    • Neuroimmunology

    Background:

    • Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders present a diverse range of clinical syndromes.
    • An expanding array of neuronal antibodies are identified in affected patients.
    • These conditions are often treatable, necessitating their inclusion in differential diagnoses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the clinical and antibody spectrum of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia and other autoimmune movement disorders.
    • To highlight characteristic phenotypes and diagnostic red flags.
    • To discuss the integration of these rare disorders into clinical practice.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical and antibody data in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders.
    • Identification of characteristic phenotypes and red flags.
    • Discussion of diagnostic approaches and differential diagnosis.

    Main Results:

    • New neuronal antibodies, including KLHL11, SEPT3, SEPT5, TRIM9, TRIM46, and TRIM67, are increasingly identified.
    • IgLON5 antibody-associated syndromes are significant considerations for neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a key parainfectious movement disorder linked to SARS-CoV-2.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical expertise is crucial for identifying patients requiring neuronal antibody testing.
    • Panel testing of serum and cerebrospinal fluid is recommended due to phenotype-antibody overlap.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune movement disorders can improve patient outcomes.