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Updated: May 1, 2026
A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
Published on: December 8, 2014
Sub-concussive head impacts from heading footballs do not acutely alter brain excitability as compared to a control
Raphael Hamel1, Baptiste Maxime Waltzing2, Tom Massey1
1School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Background:
Repeated sub-concussive head impacts are a growing brain health concern, but their possible biomarkers remain elusive. One impediment is the lack of a randomised controlled human experimental model to study their effects on the human brain.
Objectives:
This work had two objectives. The first one was to provide a randomised controlled human experimental model to study the acute effects of head impacts on brain functions. To achieve this, this work's second objective was to investigate if head impacts from heading footballs acutely alter brain excitability by increasing corticospinal inhibition as compared to a control group.
Methods:
In practised and unpractised young healthy adults, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticospinal silent period (CSP) duration and corticospinal excitability (CSE) before and immediately after performing headings by returning 20 hand-thrown balls directed to the head (Headings; n = 30) or the dominant foot (Control; n = 30). Moreover, the Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ) was used to assess the symptoms of head impacts. Head acceleration was also assessed in subgroups of participants.
Results:
The intervention lengthened CSP duration in both the Headings (6.4 ± 7.5%) and Control groups (4.6 ± 2.6%), with no difference in lengthening between the two groups. Moreover, CSE was not altered by the intervention and did not differ between groups. However, performing headings increased headaches and dizziness symptoms and resulted in greater head acceleration upon each football throw (12.5 ± 1.9g) as compared to the control intervention (5.5 ± 1.3g).
Conclusions:
The results suggest that head impacts from football headings do not acutely alter brain excitability as compared to a control intervention. However, the results also suggest that the present protocol can be used as an experimental model to investigate the acute effects of head impacts on the human brain.
