Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 18, 2025
Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen
Published on: October 5, 2020
Differences in coaching in single- versus dual-console robotic cases: a mixed-methods study
Ananya Anand1, Connie Gan2, Rachel Jensen2
1Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. aa24@stanford.edu.
Background:
A growing importance has been placed on development of trainee robotic surgical skills through simulation curricula and intraoperative experience. However, few studies have examined how console case type impacts learning outcomes. We sought to evaluate how intraoperative coaching and resident autonomy differ based on the use of a single- versus dual-console robot.
Methods:
Robotic single- and dual-console cases from February to September 2023 at a single institution were included. Faculty and trainees wore microphones to capture audio during the case. Pre/post surveys were administered, which included metrics on faculty coaching based on the Wisconsin Surgical Coaching Rubric (WiSCoR) and on trainee technical performance based on the Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills (GEARS). Statistical analysis of survey data was performed using SPSS. Audio from cases was coded by 2 researchers with a deductive approach using WiSCoR as a framework.
Results:
Data were collected for 7 (38.9%) single and 11 (61.1%) dual-console cases across 9 case types from 4 surgical specialties. Chi-square analysis demonstrated no significant difference in percentage of case trainee spent in the operating surgeon role based on trainee level or console case type. Independent t-tests showed no significant difference in trainee autonomy, trainee performance, or faculty coaching scores based on console case type. Trainees rated faculty highest in WiSCoR Domains 1 (sharing responsibility) and 3 (providing constructive feedback). Qualitative analysis showed that for single-console cases, Domain 4 (goal setting) was most represented (34.0% of comments), while for dual-console cases, Domain 1 was most represented (37.0% of comments).
Conclusions:
Qualitative analysis highlights that despite similar survey-based faculty ratings across domains, coaching on self-reflection (Domain 2) is infrequently done, highlighting an opportunity for improvement in this area of coaching during robotic surgery.
