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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Electromagnetic Wave Equation01:24

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Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
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Propagation of Waves01:07

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed...
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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
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Dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation for surface waves.

Xuhuinan Chen, Chan Wang, Yuhan Zhong

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    Dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation, previously limited to vacuum, can occur with surface waves in non-vacuum materials. The Huygens-Kerker ratio depends on surface wave phase velocity, offering new possibilities for directional light emission.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetism
    • Optics
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Exotic dipolar radiation, characterized by unidirectional light emission, was theoretically proposed by Huygens and later linked to the Kerker condition.
    • This phenomenon, termed dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation, requires a specific ratio between electric and magnetic dipole moments in vacuum.
    • Its exploration in non-vacuum environments, particularly for surface waves, remains limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation for surface waves in non-vacuum media.
    • To establish the relationship between the Huygens-Kerker ratio and the properties of surface waves in dielectric environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of dipolar radiation principles applied to surface waves.
    • Investigation of the normalized radiation pattern and its connection to diffraction theory.
    • Derivation of the Huygens-Kerker ratio based on surface wave phase velocity.

    Main Results:

    • Dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation is shown to be possible for surface waves in non-vacuum matters.
    • The normalized radiation pattern remains consistent with vacuum predictions and relates to the inclination factor.
    • The Huygens-Kerker ratio is intrinsically linked to the phase velocity of the excited surface waves.

    Conclusions:

    • Dipolar Huygens-Kerker radiation of surface waves can be achieved in non-vacuum settings.
    • The Huygens-Kerker ratio exhibits distinct dependencies on phase velocity for transverse-magnetic and transverse-electric surface waves.
    • This finding opens avenues for controlling directional light emission using surface waves in various materials.