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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
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Therapeutic DBS for OCD Suppresses the Default Mode Network.

Natalya Slepneva1,2, Genevieve Basich-Pease1,2, Lee Reid2,3

  • 1Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|August 2, 2024
PubMed
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suppresses brain activity in the default mode network (DMN). This suggests therapeutic effects may involve disrupting white matter connections near the stimulation site.

Keywords:
Anterior Limb of the Internal CapsuleDTIDeep Brain StimulationDefault Mode NetworkOCDfMRItractography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurosurgery
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) is an emerging treatment for severe, refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • Therapeutic effects of DBS are hypothesized to involve modulation of cortico-striato-thalmo-cortical networks implicated in OCD.
  • The precise mechanism of DBS in OCD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the network effects of ALIC-DBS in OCD using functional MRI.
  • To correlate functional network changes with structural connectivity using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
  • To elucidate the mechanism of therapeutic DBS in refractory OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Functional MRI (fMRI) with a DBS On/Off cycling paradigm in five OCD participants (3 responders, 2 non-responders).
  • Tractography using DWI to assess structural connectivity between active DBS contacts and brain networks.
  • Analysis of BOLD activity changes in response to therapeutic vs. non-therapeutic DBS configurations.

Main Results:

  • Therapeutic ALIC-DBS suppressed BOLD activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and subthalamic nuclei.
  • Suppressed regions largely overlapped with the default mode network (DMN).
  • Estimated stimulation fields showed significant structural connectivity to DMN nodes.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic DBS for OCD effectively suppresses BOLD activity within distributed DMN regions.
  • Proposed mechanism involves interrupting communication via white matter tracts surrounding DBS contacts.
  • Findings provide insights into the network-level effects of ALIC-DBS for OCD treatment.