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A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.
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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Cost-effective, open-source light shutters with Arduino control.

Mathias S Fischer1,2, Martin C Fischer1,2

  • 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

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This study presents an open-source, low-cost optical shutter system using Arduino controllers and common actuators. The adaptable design offers flexible control options, reducing costs for optical experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Instrumentation
  • Open-Source Hardware

Background:

  • Optical shutters control light exposure duration in experiments.
  • Commercial shutters can be expensive and offer limited customization.
  • Light-induced damage to targets or detectors is a concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an open-source, low-cost, general-purpose optical shutter system.
  • To provide an adaptable and cost-effective alternative to commercial shutters.
  • To enable precise control over light exposure in optical setups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ubiquitous actuators (servo motors or solenoids) controlled by an Arduino microcontroller.
  • Designed a modular system allowing multiple shutters to be controlled by a single unit.
  • Developed an open-source design including 3D printable parts, Arduino code, and communication libraries.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created a functional, low-cost optical shutter system.
  • Demonstrated flexible control via an integrated display, USB serial commands, or electrical lines.
  • The system is adaptable to various display and actuator choices.

Conclusions:

  • The open-source shutter system offers a cost-effective and versatile solution for optical experiments.
  • The modular and adaptable design facilitates integration into diverse research settings.
  • This approach reduces barriers to entry for advanced optical experimentation.