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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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[Chronic HBV and HDV infection].

Giuseppe Rusignuolo, Robert Thimme, Christoph Neumann-Haefelin

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
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    Summary

    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 0.5% of Germany's population. Early antiviral therapy can prevent liver disease progression, though a cure remains elusive.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Virology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Context:

    • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection impacts approximately 0.5% of the German population.
    • Untreated chronic HBV can lead to severe liver conditions like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection occurs in about 5% of chronic HBV cases, significantly accelerating liver disease progression.

    Purpose:

    • To summarize the epidemiology and clinical implications of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HBV/HDV co-infection.
    • To highlight the current therapeutic landscape, including the advent of bulevirtide for HBV/HDV co-infection.

    Summary:

    • Chronic HBV infection affects a notable portion of the German population, with potential for severe liver disease progression.

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  • HBV/HDV co-infection presents a more aggressive disease course, leading to cirrhosis in approximately 50% of patients within 5-10 years.
  • Bulevirtide, a cell entry inhibitor, has been available since 2020 as a targeted therapy for HBV/HDV co-infection, offering a new treatment option.

    • Impact:

    • Early diagnosis and antiviral therapy are crucial for managing chronic HBV infection and preventing advanced liver disease.
    • The availability of bulevirtide represents a significant advancement in treating severe HBV/HDV co-infection.
    • Further research is needed to achieve a definitive cure for chronic HBV infection.