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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Published on: March 19, 2017

Endocranial shape variation and allometry in Euarchontoglires.

Madlen M Lang¹, Camilo López-Aguirre², Lauren Schroeder^3,4

¹University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada. madlen.lang@mail.utoronto.ca.

Scientific Reports

|August 2, 2024

Summary

This study reveals distinct endocranial shape patterns across Euarchontoglires, showing significant phylogenetic differences and varying allometric relationships between brain size and shape, particularly in platyrrhines and rodents.

Keywords:

Allometry Brain Endocast Endocranial shape Euarchontoglires Geometric morphometrics Primates

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Comparative anatomy
Paleoneurology

Background:

Brain size in Euarchontoglires is well-researched, but brain shape and its allometric trajectories remain less understood.
Understanding these patterns is crucial for deciphering evolutionary trends within this diverse group.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze endocranial shape variation and allometry across extant euarchontoglirans.
To identify phylogenetic patterns and group-specific allometric relationships in brain shape.

Main Methods:

Utilized 3D geometric morphometric analyses on digital cranial endocasts from 140 euarchontogliran species.
Applied Principal Component Analyses and ANOVAs to assess shape variation, phylogenetic signals, and allometric effects.

Main Results:

Endocranial shape exhibits clear phylogenetic patterns with significant differences among major clades (e.g., Platyrrhini, Strepsirrhini, Rodentia).
Allometry significantly impacts endocranial shape across Euarchontoglires, with notable variations in scaling relationships among groups.
Platyrrhines show the strongest size-shape relationship, while rodents display the most shape diversity.

Conclusions:

Fundamental differences exist in how brain shape and size covary across Euarchontoglires.
These varying allometric patterns may have contributed to the adaptive radiations observed in this superorder.