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Functional trait mismatch between native and introduced bee pollinators servicing a global fruit crop.

Olivia M Bernauer1,2, Michael G Branstetter3, James M Cook4

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Summary

Orchards with natural landscapes support more diverse bee pollinators than disturbed ones, highlighting functional trait importance for pollination services. Threats to honey bees could disrupt crop pollination due to limited functional overlap with native bees.

Keywords:
AppleBeesCommunity phylogenomicsEcological serviceFunctional agroecologyFunctional entitiesFunctional-trait analysisPollinationUltraconserved genome elements

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Ecosystem services, like pollination, are increasingly understood through functional traits and phylogenetic methods, moving beyond simple species richness.
  • Orchards surrounded by natural versus disturbed landscapes in Australia were studied to compare hymenopteran pollinator communities.
  • The research assessed functional traits and phylogenetic patterns of pollinators to understand their roles in apple pollination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional ecology and phylogenetic diversity of hymenopteran pollinators in apple orchards.
  • To determine if functional traits exhibit non-random phylogenetic patterns.
  • To explore the functional entities (FEs) of bees and assess functional redundancy in different landscape types.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis using ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to build a maximum likelihood phylogeny for 48 hymenopteran morphospecies.
  • Assessment of morphological and behavioral traits (hairiness, body size, glossa length, pollen load purity, loose pollen) for phylogenetic signal.
  • Calculation of phylogenetic diversity and functional richness, evenness, and diversion using functional entities (FEs) for each landscape.

Main Results:

  • Pollinator communities in natural landscapes showed higher phylogenetic complexity and functional divergence than in disturbed landscapes.
  • Bee hairiness was the only trait with a significant phylogenetic signal; other traits showed weaker or no phylogenetic association.
  • Despite landscape differences, both supported equal numbers of bee functional entities (FEs), with the introduced honey bee occupying a unique FE.

Conclusions:

  • Bee hairiness is a key functional trait with phylogenetic signal, influencing pollination services.
  • While both landscape types had similar numbers of bee FEs, native bees did not fully functionally replace honey bees.
  • Threats to honey bee populations pose a significant risk to pollination-dependent crops due to low functional redundancy in pollinator assemblages.