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The interaction between warming and enrichment accelerates food-web simplification in freshwater systems
Willem Bonnaffé1,2, Alain Danet3,4, Camille Leclerc5,6
1Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Climate warming and nutrient enrichment simplify freshwater food webs. Contrary to theory, warming shortens food chains, an effect amplified by enrichment, threatening aquatic ecosystems.
Area of Science:
- Freshwater ecology
- Ecosystem dynamics
- Climate change impacts
Background:
- Nutrient enrichment and climate warming are major threats to freshwater ecosystems.
- Ecological theories predict these stressors independently simplify food webs, but may cancel each other out when combined.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test theoretical predictions of how nutrient enrichment and climate warming interact to affect freshwater food-web structure.
- To investigate the combined effects of warming and enrichment on food-chain length and food-web connectance in natural systems.
Main Methods:
- Inferred fish food-web structure from standardized fish community samplings across 256 lakes and 373 streams in France.
- Analyzed relationships between environmental stressors (warming, enrichment) and food-web metrics (food-chain length, connectance).
Main Results:
- Warming was found to shorten fish food-chain length, contrary to some theoretical predictions.
- This shortening effect was magnified in streams and lakes experiencing nutrient enrichment.
- Enriched lakes showed significantly lower food-web connectance.
Conclusions:
- Warming and nutrient enrichment interact synergistically to simplify freshwater food webs in nature.
- These findings raise concerns for the resilience of freshwater ecosystems facing escalating climate change and pollution.
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