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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2025

Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R
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Peripheral and brainstem auditory evaluation in post-COVID-19 individuals.

Lucas Pinto Mielle1, Maria Vanderléia Araujo Maximiano1, Ivone Ferreira Neves-Lobo1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-language Pathology and Audiology, and Occupational Therapy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|August 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection may impact hearing, affecting auditory pathways. This study found hearing impairments and abnormal auditory responses in adults post-infection, highlighting the need for audiological evaluations.

Keywords:
AudiologyCOVID-19ElectrophysiologyEvoked Potentials, Auditory

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High-Speed Human Temporal Bone Sectioning for the Assessment of COVID-19-Associated Middle Ear Pathology
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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • COVID-19 is a global pandemic with potential long-term health effects.
  • Auditory system compromise has been anecdotally reported in post-COVID-19 patients.
  • Understanding the audiological impact of COVID-19 is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate auditory pathway function in adults following COVID-19 infection.
  • To identify potential peripheral and central auditory abnormalities post-COVID-19.
  • To correlate self-reported auditory symptoms with objective audiological findings.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed 44 adults (19-58 years) post-COVID-19 using pure tone audiometry, logoaudiometry, immitanciometry, and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP).
  • Participants had no prior hearing issues or risk factors for hearing loss.
  • Auditory symptoms were collected via questionnaire, and ototoxic drug use was recorded.

Main Results:

  • 29.5% exhibited hearing threshold impairment, primarily sensorineural hearing loss.
  • 40.9% showed prolonged BAEP latencies (waves III and V), indicating central auditory pathway involvement.
  • 9.1% reported worsened hearing, and 15.9% developed tinnitus post-infection; 15.9% used ototoxic drugs, with 5 showing auditory abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 infection may negatively affect the auditory system, impacting both peripheral and central pathways.
  • Objective audiological abnormalities were prevalent in individuals post-COVID-19, even without prior hearing complaints.
  • Regular audiological evaluations are recommended for post-COVID-19 patients to monitor auditory health long-term.