Clinician Insights into Effective Components, Delivery Characteristics and Implementation Strategies of Ambulatory...

To elicit perspectives from specialist palliative care (SPC) and cardiology clinicians concerning the necessary components, delivery characteristics and implementation strategies of successful ambulatory SPC for people with heart failure (HF).

Palliative care is a recommended component of guideline-directed care for people with HF. However, optimal strategies to implement SPC within ambulatory settings are unknown.

We conducted a qualitative descriptive study composed of semistructured interviews with SPC and cardiology clinicians at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) with the highest number of ambulatory SPC consultations within the VA system among people with HF between 2021 and 2022. Clinicians were asked how they provided ambulatory SPC and what they felt were the necessary components, delivery characteristics and implementation strategies of care delivery. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis.

We interviewed 14 SPC clinicians and 9 cardiology clinicians at 7 national VAMCs; 43% were physicians, and 48% were advanced-practice registered nurses/physician associates. Essential components of ambulatory SPC encompassed discussion of goals of care (eg, prognosis, advance directives) and connecting patients/caregivers to resources (eg, home care). Preferred delivery characteristics included integrated (ie, embedded) approaches to SPC delivery, standardized patient selection and referral procedures, and formalized procedures for handoffs to and from SPC. Strategies that addressed SPC implementation included deploying palliative champions, educating non-SPC clinicians on the value of ambulatory SPC for people with HF and developing ambulatory models through leadership support.

Facilitating the broader adoption of ambulatory SPC among people with HF may be achieved by prioritizing these mutually valued and necessary features of SPC delivery.