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Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

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High-performance wide-band open-source system for acoustic stimulation.

Artur Silva¹, Filipe Carvalho^1,2, Bruno F Cruz^1,3,4

¹Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasília, Lisbon, Portugal.

|August 5, 2024

Summary

This study presents a low-cost, open-source auditory system for high-performance sound delivery in neuroscience research. The system ensures precise audio stimuli with hardware timestamping and synchronization capabilities.

Keywords:

Acoustic stimulation Audio Audio amplifier Auditory stimuli Sound card

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Bioacoustics
Engineering

Background:

Behavioral neuroscience research requires precise control over auditory stimuli.
Existing auditory delivery systems can be expensive and lack open-source flexibility.
Need for low-latency, wide-bandwidth audio solutions for accurate experimental control.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and characterize a cost-effective, open-source auditory delivery system.
To provide high-fidelity auditory stimuli for behavioral neuroscience applications.
To enable seamless integration and synchronization with other experimental hardware.

Main Methods:

Development of a system using a high-fidelity sound card and audio amplifier.
Comprehensive characterization of individual components and the integrated system.
Implementation of the open-source Harp protocol for hardware timestamping and synchronization.

Main Results:

The system demonstrates low-latency and wide-bandwidth audio delivery.
Thorough characterization data for various frequencies and sound levels were obtained.
Successful integration and synchronization with other Harp-enabled devices were achieved.

Conclusions:

The developed system offers a powerful, affordable solution for auditory stimulus delivery in neuroscience.
The open-source nature promotes accessibility and further development within the research community.
The system's robust characterization and synchronization capabilities enhance experimental reliability.