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Correction: Gernhardt et al. Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Morphometry and Motion of the Native and Fractured Equine Accessory Carpal Bone. <i>Animals</i> 2026, <i>16</i>, 1132.

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Macrovibrissae and microvibrissae inversion and lateralization in elephants.

Hazal Yildiz1, Olivia Heise1, Ben Gerhardt1

  • 1Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Elephant mouth structure, including elongated jaws and specialized vibrissae (hair-like sensory organs), supports their unique trunk-based feeding behaviors. This organization reflects a shift from ancestral mammalian oral food apprehension to trunk-mediated feeding strategies.

Keywords:
elephantfeeding behaviorincisorlateralizationmouthtrunkvibrissa

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Elephants exhibit pronounced lateralized trunk behaviors, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Understanding elephant oral morphology is crucial for explaining their lateralization.
  • Facial vibrissae patterns in mammals typically differ from those observed in elephants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate elephant mouth organization and its role in promoting lateralization.
  • To compare elephant vibrissae patterns with ancestral mammalian configurations.
  • To elucidate the functional significance of elephant oral morphology in feeding.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of elephant lower jaw morphology, including rostral elongation.
  • Examination of elephant lip vibrissae patterns and follicle sizes.
  • Observation of feeding behaviors in Asian zoo elephants to correlate with vibrissae abrasion patterns.

Main Results:

  • Elephants possess a narrow, elongated lower jaw and lip vibrissae that are progressively longer rostrally, forming lateral microvibrissae and central macrovibrissae arrays.
  • This vibrissae arrangement is an inversion of the ancestral mammalian pattern.
  • Lateral asymmetric abrasion on lip microvibrissae suggests lateralized feeding, linked to trunk use.

Conclusions:

  • Elephant mouth organization, characterized by trunk fusion, an elongated jaw, and altered vibrissae patterns, is adapted for trunk-mediated feeding.
  • This specialization reflects a departure from ancestral oral food apprehension.
  • The unique mouth structure facilitates lateral food insertion, reducing the reliance on central oral apprehension mechanisms.