Outcomes in Children Who Undergo Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Report From the STS-CHSD

Children who undergo cardiac surgery may require postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Although morbidities are considerable, our understanding of outcome determinants is limited. We evaluated associations between patient and perioperative factors with outcomes.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database was queried for patients aged <18 years old who underwent postcardiotomy ECMO from January 2016 through June 2021. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. The secondary outcome was survival without neurologic injury. Logistic regression for binary outcomes and competing risk analysis for survival were used to identify the most important predictors. Variables were selected by stepwise procedure using entry level P = .35. Those with P ≤ .1 were kept in the final model.

Postcardiotomy ECMO was used to support 3181 patients during the same hospitalization as cardiac surgery: (A) intraoperative initiation of ECMO, n = 1206; (B) early postoperative (≤48 hours), n = 936; and (C) late postoperative (>48 hours), n = 1039. The most common primary procedure of the index operation was the Norwood procedure. Of those with intraoperative ECMO, 57% survived to discharge vs 59% with early postoperative ECMO and 42% late postoperative ECMO (χ²₍₂₎ = 64, P < .0001, V = 0.14). In all groups, postoperative septicemia, cardiac arrest, and new neurologic injury had the strongest association with mortality, whereas postoperative reintubation and unplanned noncardiac reoperation were associated with higher survival.

Multiple risk factors impact survival in children who undergo cardiac surgery and postcardiotomy ECMO. ECMO initiated >48 hours after surgery is associated with the poorest outcomes. This is the first step in creating a predictive tool to educate clinicians and families regarding expectations in this high-risk population.