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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Updated: Jun 17, 2025

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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An improved SNAP-ADAR tool enables efficient RNA base editing to interfere with post-translational protein

Karthika Devi Kiran Kumar1, Shubhangi Singh1, Stella Maria Schmelzle1

  • 1Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Nature Communications
|August 5, 2024
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Summary

RNA base editing can now precisely remove regulatory phosphorylation and acetylation sites on proteins, offering a fast, reversible method to control protein function and potentially treat diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA base editing corrects disease mutations by altering adenosine to inosine in RNA.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) like phosphorylation and acetylation regulate protein function.
  • Targeting PTMs offers a novel strategy for modulating cellular signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore RNA base editing for removing PTM sites on signaling proteins.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of this approach across diverse targets.
  • To establish RNA base editing as a tool for rapid, reversible control of protein function.

Main Methods:

  • Application of an improved SNAP-ADAR tool for high-efficiency RNA editing.
  • Systematic targeting of over 70 PTM sites in various signaling proteins.
  • Analysis of editing efficiency and downstream functional effects, including JAK/STAT pathway modulation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful removal of PTM sites at over 70 locations in signaling proteins.
  • Identified key factors influencing editing efficiency and functional outcomes.
  • Showcased both negative and positive regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway via PTM removal.
  • Achieved broad codon scope editing with the enhanced SNAP-ADAR tool.

Conclusions:

  • RNA base editing is a versatile tool for perturbing protein function by removing PTMs.
  • This method offers advantages in speed, dose-dependency, and reversibility compared to DNA editing.
  • PTM interference via RNA base editing presents a promising new application in molecular biology and therapeutics.