Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator protects neurons after intracerebral hemorrhage through activating the...

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202604000-00038/figure1/v/2025-06-30T060627Z/r/image-tiff Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is commonly used for hematoma evacuation in minimally invasive surgery following intracerebral hemorrhage. However, during minimally invasive surgery, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may come into contact with brain tissue. Therefore, a thorough assessment of its safety is required. In this study, we established a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage induced by type VII collagenase. We observed that the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator without hematoma aspiration significantly improved the neurological function of mice with intracerebral hemorrhage, reduced pathological damage, and lowered the levels of apoptosis and autophagy in the tissue surrounding the hematoma. In an in vitro model of intracerebral hemorrhage using primary cortical neurons induced by hemin, the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator suppressed neuronal apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator upregulated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in neurons. Moreover, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abrogated the neuroprotective effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in inhibiting excessive apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, to specify the domain of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator responsible for its neuroprotective effects, various inhibitors were used to target distinct domains. It has been revealed that the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor AG-1478 reversed the effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. These findings suggest that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator exerts a direct neuroprotective effect on neurons following intracerebral hemorrhage, possibly through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.