Advanced modeling of pharmaceutical solubility in solvents using artificial intelligence techniques: assessment of...

This research is an analysis of multiple regression models developed for predicting ketoprofen solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide under different levels of T(K) and P(bar) as input features. Solubility of the drug was correlated to pressure and temperature as major operational variables. Selected models for this study are Piecewise Polynomial Regression (PPR), Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), and Tweedie Regression (TDR). In order to improve the performance of the models, hyperparameter tuning is executed utilizing the Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA). Among, the PPR model obtained the best performance, with an R² score of 0.97111, alongside an MSE of 1.6867E-09 and an MAE of 3.01040E-05. Following closely, the KRR model demonstrated a good performance with an R² score of 0.95044, an MSE of 2.5499E-09, and an MAE of 3.49707E-05. In contrast, the TDR model produces a lower R² score of 0.84413 together with an MSE of 7.4249E-09 and an MAE of 5.69159E-05.