Impact of Consanguinity and Familial Aggregation on Vitiligo Epidemiology in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study

Background Vitiligo, characterized by depigmented patches due to melanocyte loss, involves genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors. Recent studies suggest a link between family history, consanguinity, and vitiligo prevalence, particularly in regions with prevalent consanguineous marriages. This study explored the relationship between consanguinity and familial vitiligo prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Methods A case-control study enrolled 792 participants from Saudi dermatology clinics (382 vitiligo cases, 408 controls). Family histories and consanguinity levels were assessed. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for relevant variables, evaluated associations. Results Significant associations were found between vitiligo and both parental consanguinity and family history. Cases had higher consanguinity rates, with 246 out of 382 (64.4%), compared to controls, with 161 out of 408 (39.5%). A positive family history of vitiligo was more common in cases, with 184 out of 382 (48.2%) than in controls, with 90 out of 408 (22.1%). Logistic regression identified parental consanguinity and positive family history as significant risk factors for vitiligo, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.39 and 2.92, respectively. Their synergistic effect notably amplified the risk (aOR = 7.58), indicating a complex genetic and familial influence on vitiligo in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions Consanguinity showed a significant association with vitiligo prevalence, highlighting genetic factors' role. Further genetic research is needed to identify specific mutations in vitiligo among consanguineous populations. Genetic counseling and awareness programs are crucial in regions with high consanguinity rates to mitigate vitiligo and other genetic disorders' risks.