Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

1.2K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
1.2K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

1.5K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intravenous Low-dose Buprenorphine for Acute Pain Management in the Emergency Department: A Case Series.

Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine·2026
Same author

Implantable bioelectronic outlet.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Modeling emergency radiology demand for FIFA 2026 and the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games using discrete-event simulation.

Emergency radiology·2026
Same author

Hantavirus infection in emergency radiology: Imaging manifestations, pathophysiology, and infection control considerations.

Emergency radiology·2026
Same author

Radiology Preparedness for the 2026 FIFA World Cup and the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games: Lessons From Previous Major Sporting Events.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR·2026
Same author

Application of the 2024 McDonald Criteria in Individuals With Nonspecific Symptoms or Incidental Imaging Findings in a Multicenter Study.

Neurology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
10:49

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Published on: June 2, 2018

8.4K

Extraocular Muscle Enlargement in Thyroid Eye Disease Using Volumetric Analysis.

Kristen Park1, Joy Li1, Joyce Wen1

  • 1Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.

Cureus
|August 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Contrary to common belief, this study found the superior rectus/levator palpebrae superioris complex (SRC) is often most enlarged in thyroid eye disease (TED), not the inferior rectus (IR). This challenges established EOM enlargement order in TED.

Keywords:
extraocular muscleextraocular muscle enlargementinferior rectus musclesuperior rectus complexthyroid eye disease

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

566
Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
06:38

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues

Published on: August 4, 2022

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
10:49

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Published on: June 2, 2018

8.4K
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

566
Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
06:38

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues

Published on: August 4, 2022

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is often associated with extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement.
  • Traditional teaching suggests a specific descending order of EOM enlargement in TED: IR, MR, SR, LR, SO, IO.
  • Recent literature questions this established order of EOM involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare EOM volumes in a cohort of TED patients.
  • To investigate the actual order of EOM enlargement in TED.
  • To challenge or confirm the commonly taught sequence of muscle involvement.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, non-randomized case-control study design.
  • Comparison of 28 TED orbits with 31 normal orbits using high-resolution CT scans.
  • Manual segmentation of orbital soft tissues and statistical comparison of volumes.

Main Results:

  • Superior rectus/levator palpebrae superioris complex (SRC) and inferior rectus (IR) volumes were significantly enlarged in TED patients compared to controls.
  • Mean SRC volume was 2.3 times larger, followed by IR (2.1 times), SO (1.8 times), MR (1.7 times), LR (1.6 times), IO (1.6 times), and orbital fat (1.4 times).
  • Over 50% of TED orbits showed SRC or IR volumes exceeding two standard deviations above the normal average.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest the SRC may be the most severely affected EOM in thyroid eye disease.
  • This contradicts the previously accepted descending order of EOM enlargement in TED.
  • The study highlights the need to re-evaluate the typical understanding of EOM involvement in TED.