Unraveling the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil and root-associated microbiomes in Texas olive orchards

Understanding the structure and diversity of microbiomes is critical to establishing olives in non-traditional production areas. Limited studies have investigated soil and root-associated microbiota dynamics in olives across seasons or locations in the United States. We explored the composition and spatiotemporal patterns of the olive-associated microbial communities and specificity in two niches (rhizosphere and root endosphere), seasons (spring, summer, and fall), and domains (bacteria and fungi) in the microbiome of the olive cultivar Arbequina across three olive orchards in Texas. Phylum Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteriota, dominated the bacterial populations in the rhizosphere and endosphere. Rubrobacter and Actinophytocola were dominant taxa in the rhizosphere and root endosphere at the genus level. Among fungal communities, phylum Ascomycota was prevalent in the rhizosphere and endosphere, while members of the Chaetomiaceae family outnumbered other taxa in the root endosphere. As per the alpha diversity indices, the rhizosphere at Moulton showed much higher richness and diversity than other places, which predicted a significant difference in rhizosphere between locations for bacterial diversity and richness. There was no significant variation in the bacterial diversity in the niches and the fungal diversity within the root endosphere between locations. Beta diversity analysis confirmed the effect of compartments-in influencing community differences. Microbial diversity was apparent within the endosphere and rhizosphere. The seasons influenced only the rhizosphere fungal diversity, contrasting the bacterial diversity in either niche. The research provided a comprehensive overview of the microbial diversity in olive trees' rhizosphere and root endosphere. The abundance and composition of OTUs associated with the rhizosphere soil of Arbequina suggest its role as a source reservoir in defining the potential endophytes.