Quantitative principles of microbial metabolism shared across scales

Metabolism is the complex network of chemical reactions occurring within every cell and organism, maintaining life, mediating ecosystem processes and affecting Earth's climate. Experiments and models of microbial metabolism often focus on one specific scale, overlooking the connectivity between molecules, cells and ecosystems. Here we highlight quantitative metabolic principles that exhibit commonalities across scales, which we argue could help to achieve an integrated perspective on microbial life. Mass, electron and energy balance provide quantitative constraints on their flow within metabolic networks, organisms and ecosystems, shaping how each responds to its environment. The mechanisms underlying these flows, such as enzyme-substrate interactions, often involve encounter and handling stages that are represented by equations similar to those for cells and resources, or predators and prey. We propose that these formal similarities reflect shared principles and discuss how their investigation through experiments and models may contribute to a common language for studying microbial metabolism across scales.