A Review: Development of a Synthetic Lactoferrin Biological System

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with antibacterial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory functions derived from milk and mucosal secretions. Lactoferrin is used in various products, such as infant formula milk powder, nutritional supplements, and cosmetics. Researchers have developed new technologies to produce lactoferrin because there are limitations in the separation and purification of lactoferrin from milk that cannot compensate for the market demand. Therefore, synthetic systems of lactoferrin have been developed with the development of genetic engineering, and the structure of lactoferrin expressed in heterologous systems is very similar to that of natural lactoferrin. The structure and functions of lactoferrin and the design and construction of synthetic lactoferrin biological systems, especially microbial synthetic systems, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic host-expression systems, are described. On the basis of these results, we summarize the challenges and solutions for constructing systems of high-yield lactoferrin. The development directions of recombinant lactoferrin are discussed in this review. Overall, the design and development of these synthetic biological systems have allowed us to explore the great potential of the industrial large-scale preparation of lactoferrin.